Crosstalk between Brassinosteroids and Other Phytohormones during Plant Development and Stress Adaptation.

This article focuses on brassinosteroids (BRs), a class of polyhydroxylated phytosterols essential for regulating plant growth, development, and stress adaptation, emphasizing their signal transduction pathways and extensive crosstalk with other phytohormones. BRs interact with hormones such as auxin, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonates, salicylic acid, and strigolactones by modulating each other's biosynthesis, signaling, and homeostasis at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. The BR signaling pathway involves perception by the receptor complex BRI1 and co-receptor BAK1, leading to activation of transcription factors BES1 and BZR1 that regulate gene expression. The article reviews how BRs synergistically or antagonistically coordinate with other hormones to balance plant growth and stress responses, highlighting the need for further research beyond the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to understand these interactions in crops.