Potato cyst nematodes: A persistent and fearsome foe.

Nematodes, commonly called roundworms, represent one of the largest phyla of animals. Plant‐parasitic nematodes cause significant economic losses in major crops worldwide, and cyst nematodes (Heterodera spp. and Globodera spp.) are among the most damaging species. This review focuses on three main species, Globodera pallida, Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera ellingtonae, collectively known as potato cyst nematodes (PCNs). G. rostochiensis and G. pallida are the most commonly occurring species in potato‐growing areas and are considered to have originated from the Andes region in South America and introduced then to Europe in the 1850s and now occur globally in more than 75 countries. PCNs feed entirely inside the root and produce distinctive cysts containing eggs. PCNs reduce root development, stunt the growth of potato plants and ultimately lead to the production of fewer and smaller tubers. PCNs are feared because of their ability to survive for up to 40 years in the soil in the absence of potatoes, and once established they are incredibly difficult to eradicate. Five case studies in this review provide an historical overview of how scientists and potato experts have responded to PCN pandemics and the effectiveness of management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]