Synthesis of Surface-Charged IGF-1-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles and Assessment of the Dual Antimicrobial and Osteogenic Effects on Peri-implant Bone Health: An In Vitro Study.

This article focuses on the development and in vitro evaluation of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)–loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with varied surface charges (cationic, anionic, neutral) for dual antimicrobial and osteogenic effects relevant to peri-implant bone health. The synthesized NPs demonstrated high encapsulation efficiencies (66%–75%) and sustained IGF-1 release (64%–67% over 21 days), with cationic NPs showing the strongest antibacterial activity against peri-implant pathogens, while neutral NPs exhibited superior osteogenic potential by enhancing osteoblast proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity. Anionic NPs provided a broader antimicrobial spectrum but required higher concentrations for bactericidal effects. These findings suggest that surface charge modulation of IGF-1–loaded PLGA NPs offers a promising non-antibiotic strategy to simultaneously prevent bacterial colonization and promote bone regeneration in peri-implantitis management.