The Arabic and Persian annotations to Vienna, Osterrechische National Bibliothek. Cod. Med. Gr. 1.

The article focuses on the Juliana Anicia Codex, a significant manuscript from 512 CE that contains Greek texts on natural history, particularly a herbal based on Dioscorides’s *De Materia Medica*. The codex features extensive Arabic and Persian annotations, indicating a rich exchange of knowledge between the Islamic world and Byzantine scholars. The authors compiled a dataset of Greek plant names alongside their Arabic and Persian equivalents, revealing that these annotations included critical analysis rather than mere translation, challenging previous assumptions about the role of Arabic-speaking scholars in the study of ancient texts. The findings highlight the manuscript's importance in understanding historical botanical knowledge and the interactions between different cultures in the field of natural history. [Extracted from the article]