Diverse roles of phytohormonal signaling in modulating plant–virus interactions.

This article focuses on the critical roles of phytohormone signaling pathways during plant–virus interactions, highlighting how viruses manipulate these pathways to promote infection while plants use them to mount antiviral defenses. It reviews the involvement of key phytohormones—including salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), gibberellic acid (GA), auxin, brassinosteroids (BR), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, and cytokinin—in regulating plant immune responses and viral counterdefense strategies. The article details molecular mechanisms by which viral proteins target components of phytohormone biosynthesis and signaling, often disrupting hormone homeostasis and crosstalk to suppress immunity and facilitate viral replication and vector transmission. It also emphasizes the complexity of hormone interactions and the need for integrated multi-omics and genome editing approaches to develop virus-resistant crops while maintaining growth–defense balance.