Algae: A Promising Source of Bioactive Pigments.

Algae have been recognized as natural sources of bioactive commercial pigments. These organisms use pigments to capture sunlight energy for photosynthesis. The pigments in algae are categorized into chlorophylls, phycobilins, and carotenoids. Notable carotenoids include astaxanthin, lutein, fucoxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and βcryptoxanthin, which have applications in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunoprophylactic, and antitumor activities, among others. Due to the double bonds in their structures, these carotenoids offer a wide range of health benefits and protect other molecules from oxidative stress induced by free radicals through various mechanisms. These carotenoids are primarily synthesized by certain species, though they also appear as byproducts in several species, depending on their metabolic pathways and genetic capabilities. Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlorella zofingiensis are particularly suitable for the commercial production of astaxanthin. This review presents the latest information on microalgal pigment production, the factors influencing their production, their applications, and future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]