Combining stochastic tendency and distribution overlap towards improved nonparametric effect measures and inference.

A fundamental functional in nonparametric statistics is the Mann‐Whitney functional θ=P(X<Y), which constitutes the basis for the most popular nonparametric procedures. The functional θ measures a location or stochastic tendency effect between two distributions. A limitation of θ is its inability to capture scale differences. If differences of this nature are to be detected, specific tests for scale or omnibus tests need to be employed. However, the latter often suffer from low power, and they do not yield interpretable effect measures. In this article, we extend θ by additionally incorporating the recently introduced distribution overlap index (nonparametric dispersion measure) I2 that can be expressed in terms of the quantile process. We derive the joint asymptotic distribution of the respective estimators of θ and I2 and construct confidence regions. Extending the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test, we introduce a new test based on the joint use of these functionals. It results in much larger consistency regions while maintaining competitive power to the rank sum test for situations in which θ alone would suffice. Compared with classical omnibus tests, the simulated power is much improved. Additionally, the newly proposed inference method yields effect measures whose interpretation is surprisingly straightforward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]