Understanding the microstructure effects of graphite electrode in lithium-ion batteries through multi-physics simulation.

This article focuses on the impact of graphite anode microstructures on lithium-ion battery (LIB) performance through a two-dimensional (2D) multi-physics simulation model. It investigates three anode designs—porosity gradient distribution, hard carbon–graphite composite, and hard carbon-coated graphite—to analyze their effects on lithium-ion transport, side reactions, and cycling stability. The study finds that a porosity gradient of 35–25–15% optimizes ion transport and reduces side reactions, a composite with 50% hard carbon balances capacity and rate performance, and a 2 μm hard carbon coating minimizes side reactions while maintaining stability. These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing anode microstructures to enhance battery lifespan, energy density, and fast-charging capability, with implications for other anode materials beyond graphite.