CHAPTER I—How Omar Khayyam’s True Dates of Birth and Passing (AD 1021-1123) Were Discovered and Reconfirmed in This Series: Further Explaining and Demonstrating Swami Govinda Tīrtha’s Errors in Using Khayyam’s Horoscope for the Purpose.

The chapter focuses on the discovery and reconfirmation of the true birth and death dates of Omar Khayyam (AD 1021–1123) by critically reassessing the Indian scholar Swāmi Govinda Tīrtha's 1941 study, which proposed Khayyam's birth as May 18, AD 1048, based on a reported birth horoscope. It identifies multiple errors in Tīrtha's approach, including mistranslation of the Gemini degree in the horoscope, incorrect calendrical conversions (Julian vs. Gregorian), misunderstanding of astrological conventions (degree counting and the strict "Samimi" or "Cazimi" conjunction requirement of the Sun and Mercury within 16 minutes), and flawed use of later ephemerides not contemporaneous with Khayyam. The chapter also explains how Soviet Russian scholars' later endorsement of Tīrtha's findings contributed to the widespread acceptance of incorrect dates. Using modern astronomical ephemeris data and a reverse chronological method, the author establishes that Khayyam was born on June 10, AD 1021 (Gregorian calendar) at sunrise in Neyshabour, Iran, with all horoscope conditions precisely fulfilled, and died on the same date in AD 1123. This corrected chronology challenges the prevailing consensus and underscores the importance of accurate calendrical and astrological interpretation in historical research on Khayyam's life.