Journalism safety interventions: Ethical perspectives and possible impacts amongst women journalists covering conflict.

The article analyzes journalism safety training programmes through multiple ethical frameworks—including utilitarianism, contractualism, cosmopolitanism, deontological ethics, discourse ethics, and care ethics—highlighting the complex moral considerations involved in protecting journalists. It draws on interviews with mainly female trainers and participants, as well as participatory observation, to examine interventions by organizations such as DT Global and the Peace Journalism Lab addressing physical, psychological, digital, and financial risks faced by journalists, especially in conflict zones like Ukraine. The study underscores the necessity of comprehensive, context-sensitive safety training aligned with ethical responsibilities of media organizations and funders, while acknowledging challenges in measuring effectiveness and addressing the emotional toll on journalists. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of ongoing development of ethically grounded, locally empowered safety programmes that adapt to evolving risks and support journalists' resilience and well-being.