Traditional uses, hepatoprotective potential, and phytopharmacology of Tinospora cordifolia: a narrative review.

This article reviews the traditional uses, hepatoprotective potential, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Tinospora cordifolia, an Indian Ayurvedic medicinal plant also known as Giloy or Guduchi. Traditionally used to treat jaundice and various ailments, T. cordifolia exhibits hepatoprotective effects against chemically induced liver toxicity, attributed mainly to its bioactive alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine), diterpenoids, and sinapic acid. Experimental studies demonstrate its ability to reduce oxidative stress, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and modulate inflammatory pathways, with safety observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg. Additionally, T. cordifolia is a component of several polyherbal formulations with liver-protective activity and shows diverse pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective actions. The review highlights the need for further molecular-level studies, standardization of extracts, and clinical validation to fully harness its therapeutic potential.