F²SO: An Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol Using Fuzzy Firebug Swarm Optimization Algorithm in WSN.

The article focuses on developing an energy-efficient cluster routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) by integrating the Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA) for optimal cluster head (CH) selection and the Fuzzy Firebug Swarm Optimization (F2SO) algorithm for routing between cluster heads and the base station (BS). The HBA selects CHs based on parameters including residual energy, node degree, node centrality, and distances to neighbors and the BS, while the F2SO algorithm employs fuzzy logic rules to dynamically adjust routing decisions, addressing limitations of the original Firebug Swarm Optimization. Cluster maintenance eliminates faulty nodes to enhance network lifetime and reliability. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms existing protocols—such as HMBCR, OH2RP, BOAC, and IC-EIRP—in metrics including network lifetime, throughput, packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and packet drop ratio, under scenarios with the BS positioned both centrally and remotely within the sensing area.