Moderate coffee or tea consumption decreased the risk of cognitive disorders: an updated dose–response meta-analysis.

This article presents an updated systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis examining the association between coffee, tea, and caffeine consumption and the risk of cognitive disorders, including dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND). Analyzing 33 observational studies with 389,505 participants, the findings indicate that moderate coffee intake (approximately 2.5 cups per day) is associated with a reduced risk of AD, showing a nonlinear protective effect, while tea consumption demonstrates a linear inverse relationship, with each additional cup per day linked to an 11% reduction in cognitive disorder risk. Subgroup analyses revealed variations by ethnicity and sex, with coffee showing stronger protective effects in White populations and men, and tea showing stronger effects in Asian populations and women. The study highlights caffeine’s potential neuroprotective mechanisms but notes limitations inherent to observational data and calls for further interventional research to confirm these associations and inform dietary recommendations.