An extended analytical wake model and applications to yawed wind turbines in atmospheric boundary layers with different levels of stratification and veer.

This article presents the development and validation of a new analytical wake model for wind turbines operating in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), specifically addressing conventionally neutral boundary layer (CNBL) and stably stratified boundary layer (SBL) conditions. The model integrates a vortex sheet-based wake framework for yawed turbines with a coupled Ekman-surface layer ABL velocity profile model, incorporating effects of wind veer (height-dependent changes in wind direction due to Coriolis forces) and thermal stratification. Validation against large-eddy simulation (LES) data demonstrates that the model accurately predicts wake velocity deficits, wake deflection, and curled wake structures for both yawed and unyawed turbines across various atmospheric stabilities, improving power loss estimates from wake interactions compared to existing models that neglect veer and stratification. The study highlights the model’s self-consistent, fully predictive capability without reliance on external inputs and suggests future extensions to convective boundary layers and entire wind farm modeling.