Simulation of the catastrophic process of subaqueous landslides on different slope types under the action of gradual waves.

This article focuses on the simulation study of underwater submarine landslides under gradually varying wave conditions, emphasizing the influence of slope material types on landslide dynamics. Using an improved Herschel–Bulkley–Papanastasiou (HBP) rheological model integrated into the open-source DualSPHysics program with GPU acceleration, the study investigates flow velocity variations on slope surfaces, impact loads on slope toe baffles, and the staged sliding and accumulation behavior of double-slope underwater bodies. Key controlling parameters identified for the landslide motion energy are density (ρ), viscosity (η), and flow index (n). The findings reveal that slope material properties significantly affect sliding velocity and impact forces, while the evolution of landslides under multi-stage wave action exhibits progressive and phased characteristics, providing insights for nearshore submarine landslide disaster prevention and mitigation.