State-led Development and Migrants' Resilience in the City of the Forest: c. 1910s–1930s.

This article examines the interplay between internal migration, migrant resilience, and state-led development initiatives in Manaus, the capital of Amazonas in Brazilian Amazonia, during the interwar period and the rubber crisis of the early twentieth century. It highlights how state efforts under President Getúlio Vargas to nationalize and modernize the region prioritized sedentary and skilled labor while marginalizing autonomous, mobile internal migrants, many from Brazil's Northeast and Amazonian riverbanks. Despite limited government support and restrictive policies, these migrants demonstrated resilience by navigating socioeconomic inequalities, maintaining labor autonomy, and fostering support networks that shaped Manaus's social and economic landscape. The study challenges traditional boom-and-bust narratives of Amazonia by emphasizing the sustained agency of internal migrants in the region's complex development amid political centralization and economic instability.