Low Literacy Levels Among U.S. Adults and Difficult Ballot Propositions.

This article examines the significant disparity between the readability of U.S. ballot propositions in the 2022 state elections and the average reading abilities and educational attainment of adult voters. Analyzing 140 ballot measures from 38 states using the Flesch-Kincaid Grade-Level (FKGL) formula, the study found a mean readability score of 18.47—equivalent to an advanced college reading level—while approximately 39% of adults have a high school education or less and most read at or below an eighth-grade level. This gap suggests that the complex language of ballot propositions creates barriers to informed voting, particularly for individuals with low literacy skills or learning disabilities. The findings highlight the need for policy changes to mandate clearer ballot language and for further research on supporting voters with diverse reading abilities to ensure equitable access to the democratic process.