Evolution of sport wearable global navigation satellite systems' receivers: A look at the Garmin Forerunner series.

The article focuses on the evolution of wearable Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers for sports over the past two decades, using Garmin’s Forerunner series as a case study. It reviews nineteen Forerunner models from 2003 to 2023, analyzing their physical characteristics, embedded and external sensors, GNSS capabilities, and software functionalities. The progression includes miniaturization, improved display technology, multi-constellation GNSS reception (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo), integration of diverse sensors (e.g., accelerometer, barometric altimeter, wrist heart rate, pulse oximeter), and enhanced software for activity monitoring and safety. The article also outlines potential future developments such as advanced battery and display technologies, fuller utilization of GNSS constellations and frequencies, incorporation of GNSS-RTK for higher accuracy, expanded health sensors, and AI-driven real-time training guidance.