Whole-genome analysis reveals the diversification of Galapagos rail (Aves: Rallidae) and confirms the success of goat eradication programs.

This article focuses on the evolutionary history, population structure, and conservation genetics of the Galapagos rail (Laterallus spilonota), an endemic bird species exhibiting reduced flight capacity after colonizing the Galapagos archipelago about 1.2 million years ago. Using whole-genome sequencing of 39 individuals from four islands, the study reveals that the Pinta Island population diverged early and has remained genetically isolated, while populations on Isabela, Santiago, and Santa Cruz show more connectivity and admixture, reflecting historical landmass configurations. The introduction of invasive goats caused severe habitat loss and population declines, particularly on Pinta, but subsequent goat eradication programs facilitated population recovery and mitigated inbreeding, as evidenced by genomic analyses of runs of homozygosity and deleterious mutations. The findings underscore the importance of conserving the genetically distinct Pinta population and suggest that genetic rescue via inter-island translocations could be considered cautiously to maintain genetic diversity.