A new framework combining hydrological connectivity metrics and morphological spatial pattern analysis for the hydrological connectivity evaluation of wetlands.

This article focuses on developing and applying a comprehensive framework to quantitatively evaluate wetland hydrological connectivity by combining hydrological connectivity metrics and morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA). Using Baiyangdian Lake in northern China as a case study, the framework integrates functional connectivity (via metrics such as the integral index of connectivity [IIC] and probability index of connectivity [PC]) and structural connectivity (via MSPA's classification of landscape into seven morphological categories) to assess temporal and spatial variations in wetland connectivity over three decades. The study highlights the dominant role of core patches in maintaining hydrological connectivity and emphasizes the previously underappreciated importance of small, peripheral patches and connecting links (e.g., bridges) in improving overall connectivity. This integrated approach offers practical insights for identifying key restoration sites and guiding wetland conservation and management to support ecosystem health and sustainability.