The Responses of Muslims in Weimar Germany to the Abolition of the Caliphate.

This article examines the multifaceted reactions of Muslims in Weimar Germany to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924, highlighting Berlin's emergence as a key center for transnational Muslim anti-colonial activism and intellectual exchange during the interwar period. It details how the dissolution of the Caliphate, a symbol of Muslim unity, provoked diverse and often conflicting responses within Germany's heterogeneous Muslim community, including Pan-Islamists, members of the Ahmadiyya movement, Turkish Kemalists, and German converts to Islam. The debates engaged with broader themes such as Islam's compatibility with modernity, nationalism, and anti-imperialism, while also reflecting the complex interplay between local European political contexts and global Muslim networks. Despite divisions, the abolition intensified efforts to redefine Muslim identity and political solidarity in Europe, underscoring Berlin's role as a cosmopolitan hub where Islamic ideas were negotiated amid shifting postwar realities.