Smart Cities and Smart Networks: AI Applications in Urban Geography and Industrial Communication.

This review paper delves into the extensive research on urban forms, focusing on urban sprawl through both traditional and contemporary approaches within urban geography. The complexity of defining urban sprawl has hindered the development of reliable models, with debates among researchers complicating a unified understanding. This selective review emphasizes studies measuring sprawl based on physical costs, environmental impacts, and transportation-related effects. Historical approaches often lacked innovative methodologies, but modern techniques, such as cartography, allow for the collection and analysis of long-term data, revealing metropolitan changes over decades. Despite these advancements, challenges persist due to varying interpretations of sprawl and difficulties in finding single measures to effectively differentiate factors like car density and resident density. Additionally, the paper explores the impact of intelligent technologies on industrial communications, particularly in the context of heterogeneous industrial networks. Modern intelligent technologies facilitate the automatic adaptation of mixed protocols, ensuring seamless communication among diverse industrial equipment. This has implications for urban infrastructure, where integrated smart systems can enhance operational efficiency and reliability. This paper reviews both historical and contemporary studies, demonstrating that the primary issue in understanding urban sprawl lies in measurement. It asserts that urban expansion is best understood through a multi-faceted approach. Progress in smart city tech and embedded systems has fostered the development of smart infrastructure, improving urban planning and mitigating adverse effects. The study highlights the need to blend new technologies with traditional methods to build accurate, sustainable models and plans for urban growth, emphasizing the synergy between urban planning and advancements in industrial communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]