Factors Impacting Life Expectancy in Bahrain: Evidence from 1971 to 2020 Data.

This article focuses on developing an explanatory model to examine the effects of health status and resources (HSR), macroeconomic (ME), and sociodemographic (SD) factors on life expectancy (LE) in Bahrain from 1971 to 2020. Using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) on annual population data, the study found that ME and HSR have significant direct positive effects on LE, while SD influences LE indirectly through HSR. The model highlights the importance of maintaining health resource provision, such as vaccination programs, especially during socioeconomic downturns, and suggests that integrated policies addressing socioeconomic and health determinants can improve Bahrain's population health outcomes. These findings may also be applicable to countries with similar demographic and socioeconomic profiles, such as other Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) nations.