Simulating waves induced by landslide using coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics and discrete element method: Evaluating the impact of irregular rock shapes.

This article focuses on investigating the influence of rock particle morphology on landslide-induced tsunami wave generation and propagation using a coupled smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) and discrete element method (DEM) from a multi-scale perspective. The study validates the SPH-DEM model through simulation of granular column collapse and then analyzes how different particle shapes—spherical and various irregular polyhedra—affect landslide dynamics and resulting wave characteristics. Findings reveal that spherical particles, due to simpler force chains and lower self-locking, achieve higher velocities and generate larger, smoother waves, whereas irregular particles produce more complex waveforms with multiple secondary peaks and lower maximum wave heights; notably, elliptical particles with the highest aspect ratio induce waves with an 11.7% lower maximum run-up height compared to spheres. The research underscores the critical role of particle shape in accurately modeling landslide-tsunami interactions and suggests incorporating realistic particle morphologies to improve hazard prediction and assessment.