A Review of the Potential Impacts of Coastal Mosquito Control Programs on Australian Stingless Bees (Apidae, Meliponini)—likely Exposure Pathways and Lessons Learned from Studies on Honey Bees.

This article reviews the potential impacts of two widely used mosquito larvicides in Australia—*Bacillus thuringiensis* var. *israelensis* (Bti) and methoprene (as S-methoprene)—on native stingless bees (Apidae, Meliponini). It concludes that due to their low application rates, poor environmental persistence, and intermittent use, these larvicides are unlikely to pose significant risks to stingless bees or their nests. Evidence from studies on the European honey bee (*Apis mellifera*) suggests stingless bees may share physiological tolerance to Bti, though direct research on native bees is limited. The article highlights gaps in regulatory testing, which currently relies solely on honey bees as toxicological models, and recommends expanding assessments to include stingless bees and other native pollinators to better understand pesticide risks within Australian mosquito control programs.