Blueberry, cranberry, raspberry, and strawberry as modulators of the gut microbiota: target for treatment of gut dysbiosis in chronic kidney disease? From current evidence to future possibilities.

This article focuses on the potential of berry fruits—specifically blueberry, cranberry, raspberry, and strawberry—as therapeutic agents to modulate gut microbiota and address gut dysbiosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Gut dysbiosis in CKD is linked to increased production of uremic toxins, inflammation, and cardiovascular complications, and current evidence from animal and non-CKD human studies suggests that polyphenol-rich berry fruits can enhance gut microbiota diversity, promote beneficial bacteria (such as mucus- and short-chain fatty acid–producing species), and improve gut barrier integrity. However, direct clinical studies on berry fruit effects in CKD patients are scarce, and the optimal dosage and safety—particularly regarding potassium content—require further investigation. The article underscores the need for well-designed clinical trials to evaluate berry fruits’ efficacy and safety in modulating gut microbiota and improving outcomes in CKD.