Peri-implantitis Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Biomarkers: A Systematic Literature Review.

This systematic literature review focuses on the diagnostic and prognostic value of biomarkers in saliva and peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) for peri-implantitis (PI), peri-implant mucositis (PIM), and healthy implants (HI). Analyzing 16 human studies published between 2017 and 2022 involving 1,117 patients and 1,346 implants, the review identified 49 biomarkers, with interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) showing the most consistent and significant differences across all groups (HI < PIM < PI). Other biomarkers such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), soluble RANKL (sRANKL), TNF superfamily member 12 (TNFSF12), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP2 and MMP8) were elevated in PI compared to HI, but evidence was insufficient to establish strong diagnostic criteria. The review highlights the potential of IL-1β and RANKL as key biomarkers for peri-implant inflammatory conditions, while noting methodological heterogeneity and limited longitudinal data restrict definitive conclusions.