Spatial Cognition Effects of IVE Teaching Resources on Red-Green Color Blindness.

This article investigates the impact of barrier-free design in Immersive Virtual Environment Teaching Resources (IVETR) on spatial cognition and learning experience for learners with red-green Color Vision Deficiency (CVD). Specifically, it compares three adaptations of IVETR—Color Adjusted (CLA-IVETR), Contrast Adjusted (CNA-IVETR), and combined Color and Contrast Adjusted (CCA-IVETR)—against the original IVETR in a chemistry learning context. The study finds that adjusting color schemes significantly improves learning satisfaction and technology acceptance, while enhancing color contrast notably benefits spatial cognition and technology acceptance. Moreover, combining both color and contrast adjustments yields the greatest improvement in spatial cognition, suggesting that tailored color and contrast modifications in IVETR can effectively support learners with red-green color blindness. These findings contribute to the design of inclusive virtual learning environments that accommodate color vision differences without compromising educational effectiveness.