Innovative 3D-Printed Titanium Specimens Favor a Modulation of Inflammation in Dental Pulp Stem Cells During Liposome-Triggered Mineralization.

This article focuses on the evaluation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) cultured on innovative 3D-printed titanium (Ti) specimens with an internal open cell form, comparing traditional osteogenic differentiation medium (DM) delivery to a liposomal formulation (LipoMix) encapsulating differentiating factors. The study found that LipoMix enhanced DPSC proliferation, adhesion (via increased β1 integrin expression), and accelerated osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by increased mineralized matrix deposition, SP7 gene expression, type 1 collagen secretion, and alkaline phosphatase activity. Additionally, LipoMix modulated inflammation by upregulating the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and catalase activity earlier than DM, while influencing prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, indicating a balanced inflammatory and angiogenic response. These findings suggest that combining customized porous Ti surfaces with liposomal delivery of osteogenic factors may improve osseointegration and regenerative outcomes in dental implantology.