Rationale and current evidence of aquatic exercise therapy in venous disease: A narrative review.

This article focuses on the role and effectiveness of aquatic rehabilitative protocols, including balneotherapy and underwater exercises, in the treatment of chronic venous disorders (CVD) of the lower limbs. It reviews historical perspectives, clinical trials, and physiological studies demonstrating that water immersion (WI) and aquatic exercise improve venous hemodynamics, reduce leg volume and edema, and enhance quality of life in patients with varicose veins and venous insufficiency. The physical effects of water hydrostatic pressure on venous return and leg morphology are highlighted as key mechanisms underlying these benefits. Despite promising results, the article emphasizes the need for standardized protocols and more rigorous studies to better define treatment parameters and long-term outcomes.