Dynamic multi-layer walkability model for transit-oriented movement: Nodes and Routes optimization method.

This article presents a novel Dynamic Multi-Layer (DML) walkability model designed to optimize pedestrian movement in urban areas by integrating transit-oriented development (TOD) principles. The DML method combines agent-based modeling and multi-objective optimization to refine pedestrian pathways ("Routes") and urban features such as transit hubs and public spaces ("Nodes"), enhancing accessibility, connectivity, and physical activity. Applied to the Kalideres region in Jakarta, Indonesia, the model addresses local challenges including inadequate pedestrian infrastructure, traffic congestion, and limited green spaces by simulating human movement patterns and optimizing urban design elements. The study highlights the method's adaptability, computational approach, and potential for informing sustainable, pedestrian-centric urban planning, while acknowledging limitations related to generalizability, software complexity, and algorithm selection. Recommendations emphasize further research across diverse contexts and practical implementation by urban planners and stakeholders to improve walkability and livability in rapidly urbanizing cities.