Low genetic diversity among introduced axis deer: comments on the genetic paradox and invasive species.

This article focuses on the genetic diversity and invasive success of axis deer (Axis axis) populations introduced to Texas and Hawaii, comparing them to native populations in India and other introduced populations in Australia and Croatia. Using mitochondrial DNA markers (Cytochrome-b and displacement loop) and nuclear microsatellites, the study found that introduced populations exhibit very low genetic diversity consistent with founder effects, yet have successfully established and expanded, exemplifying the "genetic paradox" where invasive species thrive despite limited genetic variation. The Texas and Hawaii populations each possess a single mitochondrial haplotype and show signs of genetic bottlenecks and inbreeding, but no apparent negative fitness consequences, while microsatellite data indicate genetic differentiation between these populations. The findings suggest multiple distinct lineages of axis deer have founded invasive populations globally, highlighting their adaptability and potential ecological impact across diverse environments.