The Effect of Aerobic, Resistance, and Combined Exercise Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy People Aged 60 years and Over: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

This article systematically reviews and meta-analyzes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy adults aged 60 and older. Analyzing 51 studies with 3,152 participants, the review found that all exercise modalities significantly improved maximal/peak oxygen uptake (VO2max/peak) and the 6-minute walk distance (6-MWD), key indicators of cardiovascular and functional health. These benefits were consistent across sexes, intervention durations (both medium- and long-term), and exercise types, with no significant differences in effectiveness between modalities. The findings support the adaptability of structured exercise programs as effective strategies for promoting healthy aging, though variability in exercise protocols and measurement methods suggests a need for standardized intervention guidelines and extended follow-up in future research.