Unveiling the Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable Intake on Different Cancers: A Systematic Review and Dose–Response Meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis systematically reviews 226 epidemiological case-control and cohort studies to examine the association between cruciferous vegetable intake and various cancers. It finds that higher consumption of cruciferous vegetables—such as broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage—is generally linked to a reduced risk of several cancers, including colorectal, lung, upper gastrointestinal, gynecological (ovarian and endometrial), bladder, renal, and prostate cancers, with specific intake thresholds identified for each (ranging from 3 to 7.4 servings per week). The study also highlights regional differences, noting stronger associations with lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and esophageal cancer in Asian populations, while colorectal, renal, gynecological, and prostate cancers show more pronounced associations in American populations. Additionally, the protective effect appears most significant within 2 to 15 years of follow-up, emphasizing the influence of intake level, cancer type, geographic region, and duration on the relationship between cruciferous vegetables and cancer risk.