Medical imaging applied to heritage.

This article reviews the application of medical imaging techniques to the study and preservation of cultural heritage objects, highlighting both shared methods and distinct approaches between the two fields. Common medical imaging modalities such as X-radiography, computed tomography (CT), and spectral imaging have been adapted to examine artworks, manuscripts, mummies, and archaeological artifacts, enabling non-destructive analysis of structure, composition, and hidden features. Some medical techniques like ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have limited heritage use due to material constraints, while heritage imaging employs unique methods such as 3D surface scanning and particle-based analyses (e.g., synchrotron X-rays, neutron imaging, cosmic muon detection) that have no direct medical parallel. The review emphasizes the multidisciplinary nature of heritage imaging, the challenges posed by lack of standardized data formats, and the growing role of machine learning and portable technologies in expanding access and capabilities in this developing field.