Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State.

Vladimir Hamed-Troyansky's book, "Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State," explores the Ottoman Empire's policy towards the resettlement of Circassian refugees in the late nineteenth century. The author argues that the refugee crisis had a prolonged impact on the Ottoman Empire and set important precedents for addressing such crises. The book examines the movement of people from Russian to Ottoman territory and back again, highlighting the Ottoman Empire's open-door policy towards refugees. The study also discusses the challenges faced by the refugees in different regions and their impact on intercommunal relations. The book draws on a range of archival materials and sheds new light on the history of international law and humanitarian relief. [Extracted from the article]