The Indian Citizenship Act.

The article focuses on the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, signed by President Calvin Coolidge, which granted U.S. citizenship to Indigenous peoples but did not resolve ambiguities regarding their tribal sovereignty or full civic rights. While the Act conferred citizenship to many Native Americans, it maintained tribal property rights and left voting rights subject to state laws, leading to a complex dual citizenship status. Some Indigenous leaders viewed the Act as a step toward integration, but others, notably the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, rejected it as a violation of their sovereignty and treaty rights, actively protesting its passage. The ongoing contention highlights the tension between U.S. citizenship and Indigenous nationhood, with many Native Americans today holding dual identities but political realities often limiting exclusive tribal citizenship.