Re‐tribalization in the 21st century, part 1.

This exploratory study presents 're‐tribalization' as a framework for comprehending contemporary global patterns and phenomena. It posits a link between the erosion of modernity's traits and a resurgence of tribal behaviour – the more elements that we associate with modernity diminish, the more we see the emergence of group formations akin to anthropological notions of tribes. This trend manifests not only in societies where tribal and lineage affiliations remain central to identity but also – perhaps more notably, considering modernity's promises – in developed nations, including global powerhouses like the USA, India and China. 'Re‐tribalization' signifies a modern‐day recourse to a so‐called tribal past, fortifying intra‐group cohesion and creating a distinction from other groups, thus delineating 'us' and 'them'. This process highlights the drawing of boundaries between communities, positing that such delineations were more apparent in the past and need to be re‐established to navigate today's challenges and crises. The study traces the historical lineage of re‐tribalization appeals and their ties to nationalism, citing instances from Johann Gottfried Herder's works. This argument leverages the authors' nearly two decades of ethnographic fieldwork, a collection of four studies and initial insights from their soon‐to‐be‐published book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]