BATTLE OF FLODDEN.

The article focuses on the Battle of Flodden, which took place on September 9, 1513, between the forces of Scotland, led by King James IV, and England, commanded by Thomas Howard, the Earl of Surrey. King James IV, a Renaissance prince, sought to support France against England but faced significant challenges, including a lack of experience among his commanders and difficult terrain. The battle resulted in a devastating defeat for the Scots, with King James IV killed and approximately 10,000 Scottish soldiers lost, while English casualties were around 4,000. The outcome was influenced by James's decision to engage in battle despite holding a strong defensive position, ultimately leading to the collapse of the Scottish pike formation in the muddy conditions. [Extracted from the article]