Microwave-Assisted Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Combined with HPLC for the Determination of Three Biogenic Amines in Beverages.

This article focuses on the development and application of microwave-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (MADLLME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detection for the extraction and quantification of three biogenic amines (BAs)—tryptamine, histamine, and phenylethylamine—in beverages such as beer, cherry juice, and white spirit. The method utilizes a synthesized magnetic ionic liquid (MIL), [3C6PC14][FeCl4], as the extraction solvent, achieving enhanced extraction efficiency, reduced solvent use, and shorter extraction times compared to conventional techniques. Optimization of parameters including MIL volume, microwave power and time, sample pH, and disperser solvent led to high sensitivity with limits of detection between 3.46 and 4.96 ng/mL, good linearity (R² = 0.995–0.999), and recoveries ranging from 84.3% to 108.5%. The MADLLME-HPLC method demonstrated successful application to real beverage samples and showed advantages over existing methods in terms of speed, sensitivity, and environmental friendliness.