Cyclotron-Powered Molecular Nanotechnology in Precision Oncology, A Systematic Insight into Emerging Theranostic Frontiers for Precision-Guided Cancer Therapeutics.

Background: The convergence of cyclotron technology and molecular nanotechnology has transformed the landscape of cancer theranostics. Cyclotron-generated radioisotopes are now increasingly conjugated with smart Nano-carriers for simultaneous tumor imaging and therapy. Objective: This systematic review explores the evolving role of cyclotron-powered Nano-theranostic agents in precision oncology, identifying trends, innovations, and challenges across various cancer types. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases (2015-2025) was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Keywords included: cyclotron, radiolabeled nanoparticles, theranostics, cancer nanotechnology, and precision oncology. Peer-reviewed studies focusing on clinical and preclinical applications of radiolabeled Nano-carriers were included. Results: Of 2,184 screened articles, 85 studies met inclusion criteria. Findings highlighted cyclotron-synthesized isotopes (e.g., ⁶⁴Cu, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ⁸⁹Zr) conjugated with lipid, polymeric, and gold-based Nano-carriers for dual PET/SPECT imaging and targeted therapy. Applications in prostate, breast, glioblastoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma demonstrated promising tumor uptake, enhanced Bio-distribution, and improved survival in preclinical models. Several clinical trials are ongoing, particularly using ⁶⁸Ga and ¹⁷⁷Lu-based constructs.