Empathy and self-awareness (rasa rumangsa) in the Javanese cultural context.

The article focuses on the Javanese cultural value of *rasa rumangsa*, a psychological concept integral to Javanese society that fosters self-understanding, empathy, and social harmony. Defined as a process beginning with sensory self-acknowledgment and deepening into inner comprehension, *rasa rumangsa* guides individuals to behave considerately and maintain peaceful interpersonal relationships. The study identifies two main dimensions of *rasa rumangsa*: empathy, encompassing cognitive and affective components, and self-awareness, related to social behavior and self-regulation. Developed through a long process involving self-analysis (*olah rasa*), parenting, and social environment, *rasa rumangsa* manifests behaviorally as *bisa rumangsa* (wise, humble, and altruistic conduct) and contrasts with *rumangsa bisa* (arrogance and egocentrism). The concept is relevant to mental health as it helps prevent persistent worry and frustration by promoting gratitude, tolerance, and harmonious social interactions.