THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CALIPHATE.

The article discusses the history and significance of the Caliphate, which was the governing principle for the Islamic world from the death of Muhammad in 632 until its abolition in 1924. The Caliphate was led by the caliphs, who were considered the righteous successors to Muhammad. The article explores the division between Sunni and Shia Muslims, the rise and fall of different caliphates, and the complex relationships between the caliphs and sultans. It also touches on the decision to abolish the Caliphate in 1924 and the ongoing significance of the concept in the 20th century, particularly with the rise of extremist groups like ISIS. The author, Middle East expert Simon Mayall, hopes that readers will gain a better understanding of the historical background and relevance of religious challenges in today's world. [Extracted from the article]