Poisonous Progress: Dark Fantasy, Violence, and the Fear of Change in Shirley Jackson's We Have Always Lived in the Castle and Espido Freire's Irlanda.

This article examines Spanish author Espido Freire's Irlanda (1998) and American author Shirley Jackson's We Have Always Lived in the Castle (1962) as parallel narratives that make full use of gothic transgression to highlight the trauma of progress in the lives of the young narrators. The teenage protagonists of both texts create realms of dark childhood fantasy for themselves and their sisters, using violence and witchcraft against their cousins (representatives of capitalistic, heteronormative values) as a reaction to their profound fear of change – a symptom of their liminal state between the progress that is expected of them and the stasis that they prefer. The pairing of these two novels showcases the gothic obsession with the subversion of linearity, demonstrating the trauma that results from societal insistence on continual growth according to traditional social and gender norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]