A systematic review of psychosocial challenges for MSM living with HIV among diverse and intersecting minorities.

This article systematically reviews psychosocial protective and risk factors affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) living with HIV, emphasizing the importance of considering intersecting minority identities such as race, age, Indigeneity, and disability. It highlights how co-occurring stigmas—including HIV-related stigma, racism, homophobia, and socioeconomic disadvantages—compound mental health challenges and impact access to care among diverse MSM populations, particularly racialized and Indigenous groups often underrepresented in research. Protective factors identified include social support, resolved internalized homophobia, and community connectedness, while risk factors encompass psychological distress, trauma, intimate partner violence, and barriers to HIV services. The authors propose adaptations to Meyer's minority stress model to better incorporate intersecting identities and co-occurring stigmas, aiming to improve culturally sensitive interventions and support efforts toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) 95-95-95 goals.