Subversion: from covert operations to cyber conflict.

The article "Subversion: from covert operations to cyber conflict" discusses how cyber capabilities have revolutionized states' capacity for coercive influence, from disinformation to electoral interference. The author, Lennart Maschmeyer, argues that cyber operations should be understood as a means of subversion, offering strategic promise but often falling short of expectations due to trade-offs. Maschmeyer's analysis shows that cyber sabotage can take years to plan and execute, highlighting the constraints and limitations of cyber capabilities compared to traditional subversion methods. Despite some challenges in judging the impact of subversion and grappling with target populations' vulnerability, the article praises Maschmeyer's work as timely, bold, and necessary in understanding the strategic effects of cyber operations. [Extracted from the article]