Policing a Pandemic in New York City: How Do Community Features Matter in the Location of Social Distancing Violations?

This study examines how race and ethnicity influenced the enforcement of COVID-19 social distancing precautions during the early pandemic in New York City, using 311 police service call data related to social distancing violations. The analysis finds that Black communities reported fewer social distancing violations via 311 calls, suggesting lower trust in law enforcement, while police interventions—including arrests and summonses—were more likely in Black and Hispanic neighborhoods compared to White areas, independent of local COVID-19 case rates. These patterns align with conflict theory perspectives on racially disparate policing and highlight the discretionary nature of law enforcement in public health enforcement. The study underscores concerns about relying on police for public health compliance, recommending clearer policies and greater involvement of public health personnel to reduce racial disparities and improve community trust.