Introduction: The Pacific Alliance—Deep integration, marketing, achievements, and failures.

The article focuses on the Pacific Alliance (PA), a Latin American regional integration initiative launched in 2011 by the presidents of Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru to promote deep economic integration and global economic insertion. Despite initial enthusiasm and positive reception in global economic circles, the PA has struggled to achieve its core goals, including significant intra-regional trade, formation of value chains, and comprehensive deep integration—defined variably as regulatory harmonization, free movement of goods, services, capital, and people, or a common market without a customs union. While the Alliance has succeeded in engaging the private sector, fostering societal exchanges, and maintaining a flexible institutional framework, political shifts toward left-wing governments since 2019 and limited progress on trade integration have raised questions about its future cohesion and effectiveness. The PA's experience reflects both achievements and challenges amid evolving regional political and economic dynamics.