Dietary, macronutrient, micronutrient, and nutrigenetic factors impacting cardiovascular risk markers apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A1: a narrative review.

This article focuses on the influence of dietary, micronutrient, and genetic factors on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers, specifically the apolipoprotein B (apoB) to apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) ratio. A higher apoB:apoA1 ratio is associated with increased CVD risk, while various diets such as Mediterranean, vegan, and DASH diets, as well as micronutrients like vitamin D, vitamin C, magnesium, and zinc, are linked to a decreased ratio. Conversely, diets high in saturated fats, added sugars, and low in fiber and certain vitamins tend to increase the apoB:apoA1 ratio. Genetic variants in the APOE, APOA1, and FADS2 genes may modify individual responses to dietary interventions affecting this ratio. The review underscores the importance of considering diet quality, nutrient sufficiency, and genetic predisposition in managing CVD risk through modulation of apoB and apoA1 levels.