Ortega y Gasset's The Revolt of the Masses and the Future of Liberty.

This article analyzes José Ortega y Gasset's 1930 philosophical work *The Revolt of the Masses*, emphasizing its existential and metaphysical focus rather than a sociopolitical or political science interpretation. Ortega distinguishes between "mass man," characterized by inauthenticity, resentment, and rejection of free will and objective reality, and "noble man," who embraces self-reflection, authenticity, and higher moral and cultural standards. The rise of mass man, especially the intellectual mass man, threatens liberty by promoting nihilism, relativism, and the destruction of tradition, reason, and objective truth—conditions Ortega associates with modernity and postmodernity. The article also discusses Ortega's critique of rationalism's corruption into technicism (scientism), which, alongside mass man's disdain for effort and responsibility, undermines culture, knowledge, and ultimately human freedom.